Height rankings
[edit]Tallest steel roller coasters
Rank Name Park Location Height Manufacturer Record Holder
1. Kingda Ka Six Flags Great Adventure Jackson, NJ, USA 456 feet (139 m) Intamin May 2005 – Present
2. Top Thrill Dragster Cedar Point Sandusky, Ohio, USA 420 feet (130 m) Intamin May 2003 – May 2005
3. Superman: Escape from Krypton Six Flags Magic Mountain Valencia, California, USA 415 feet (126 m) Intamin March 1997 – May 2003
4. Tower of Terror II Dreamworld Coomera, Queensland, Australia 377 feet (115 m) Intamin January 1997 – March 1997
5. Steel Dragon 2000 Nagashima Spa Land Nagashima, Mie, Japan 318 feet (97 m) Chance Morgan
6. Millennium Force Cedar Point Sandusky, Ohio, USA 310 feet (94 m) Intamin
7. Intimidator 305 Kings Dominion Doswell, Virginia, USA 305 feet (93 m) Intamin
8. Thunder Dolphin Tokyo Dome City Attractions Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan 262 feet (80 m) Intamin
9. Fujiyama Fuji-Q Highland Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi, Japan 259 feet (79 m) TOGO July 1996 – January 1997
10. Eejanaika Fuji-Q Highland Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi, Japan 249 feet (76 m) Arrow
[1]
[edit]Tallest steel roller coaster drops
Rank Name Park Location Drop Height Manufacturer Record Holder
1. Kingda Ka Six Flags Great Adventure Jackson, NJ, USA 418 feet (127 m) Intamin May 2005 – Present
2. Top Thrill Dragster Cedar Point Sandusky, Ohio, USA 400 feet (120 m) Intamin May 2003 – May 2005
3. Superman: Escape from Krypton Six Flags Magic Mountain Valencia, California, USA 328 feet (100 m) Intamin March 1997 – August 2003
Tower of Terror II Dreamworld Coomera, Queensland, Australia 328 feet (100 m) Intamin January 1997 – August 2003
4. Steel Dragon 2000 Nagashima Spa Land Nagashima, Mie, Japan 307 feet (94 m) Chance Morgan
5. Intimidator 305 Kings Dominion Doswell, Virginia, USA 300 feet (91 m) Intamin
Millennium Force Cedar Point Sandusky, Ohio, USA 300 feet (91 m) Intamin
6. Goliath Six Flags Magic Mountain Valencia, California, USA 255 feet (78 m) Giovanola
Titan Six Flags Over Texas Arlington, Texas, USA 255 feet (78 m) Giovanola
7. Fujiyama Fuji-Q Highland Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi, Japan 230 feet (70 m) TOGO July 1996 – January 1997
8. Phantom's Revenge Kennywood West Mifflin, Pennsylvania, USA 228 feet (69 m) Chance Morgan May 1991 – July 1996
9. Desperado Buffalo Bill's Resort & Casino Primm, Nevada, USA 225 feet (69 m) Arrow
10. Bizarro Six Flags New England Agawam, Massachusetts, USA 221 feet (67 m) Intamin
[edit]Tallest wooden roller coasters
Rank Name Park Location Height Manufacturer Record Holder
* Son of Beast (SBNO) Kings Island Mason, Ohio, USA 218 feet (66 m) RCCA May 2000 – June 2009
1. Colossos Heide Park Soltau, Lower Saxony, Germany 196 feet (60 m) Intamin June 2009 - Present
2. T Express Everland Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea 183 feet (56 m) Intamin
3. El Toro Six Flags Great Adventure Jackson Township, New Jersey, USA 181 feet (55 m) Intamin
4. Rattler Six Flags Fiesta Texas San Antonio, Texas, USA 179 feet (55 m) RCCA March 1992 – May 2000
5. The Voyage Holiday World & Splashin' Safari Santa Claus, Indiana, USA 163 feet (50 m) The Gravity Group
6. Mean Streak Cedar Point Sandusky, Ohio, USA 161 feet (49 m) Dinn Corporation May 1991 – March 1992
7. White Cyclone Nagashima Spa Land Kuwana, Mie, Japan 139 feet (42 m) Intamin
8. Hades Mt. Olympus Water & Theme Park Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin, USA 136 feet (41 m) The Gravity Group
9. Le Monstre La Ronde Montreal, Quebec, Canada 131 feet (40 m) William Cobb & Associates July 1985 – May 1991
10. American Eagle Six Flags Great America Gurnee, Illinois, USA 127 feet (39 m) Intamin May 1981 – July 1985
[edit]Tallest wooden roller coaster drops
Rank Name Park Location Drop Height Manufacturer Record Holder
* Son of Beast (SBNO) Kings Island Mason, Ohio, USA 214 feet (65 m) RCCA May 2000 – June 2009
1. El Toro Six Flags Great Adventure Jackson Township, New Jersey, USA 176 feet (54 m) Intamin June 2009 - Present
2. Colossos Heide Park Soltau, Lower Saxony, Germany 159 feet (48 m) Intamin
3. Mean Streak Cedar Point Sandusky, Ohio, USA 155 feet (47 m) Dinn Corporation May 1991 – May 2000
4. The Voyage Holiday World & Splashin' Safari Santa Claus, Indiana, USA 154 feet (47 m) The Gravity Group
5. T Express Everland Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea 151 feet (46 m) Intamin
6. The Boss Six Flags St. Louis Eureka, Missouri, USA 150 feet (46 m) Custom Coasters International
7. American Eagle Six Flags Great America Gurnee, Illinois USA 147 feet (45 m) Intamin May 1981 – May 1991
8. The Beast Kings Island Mason, Ohio, USA 141 feet (43 m) Charles Dinn/Al Collins April 1979 – May 1981
9. Hades Mt. Olympus Water & Theme Park Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin, USA 140 feet (43 m) The Gravity Group
10. Montezum Hopi Hari Vinhedo, São Paulo, Brazil 139 feet (42 m) RCCA
[edit]Tallest roller coaster inversions
Rank Name Park Location Height / Loop Type Manufacturer Record Holder
1. Volcano, The Blast Coaster Kings Dominion Doswell, Virginia, USA 155 feet (47 m) Sidewinder Intamin August 3, 1998 – present
2. Abismo Parque de Atracciones de Madrid Madrid, Spain 152 feet (46 m) Sky Loop Maurer Söhne
Mystery in Clouds World Joyland Wujin, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China 152 feet (46 m) Sky Loop Maurer Söhne
Sky Wheel Skyline Park Bad Wörishofen, Bavaria, Germany 152 feet (46 m) Sky Loop Maurer Söhne
X Coaster Magic Springs and Crystal Falls Hot Springs, Arkansas, USA 152 feet (46 m) Sky Loop Maurer Söhne
3. Mr. Freeze Six Flags Over Texas Arlington, Texas, USA 150 feet (46 m) Inside Top Hat Premier Rides
Mr. Freeze Six Flags St. Louis Eureka, Missouri, USA 150 feet (46 m) Inside Top Hat Premier Rides
4. Griffon Busch Gardens Williamsburg Williamsburg, Virginia, USA 146 feet (45 m) Immelmann B&M
5. Superman: Krypton Coaster Six Flags Fiesta Texas San Antonio, Texas, USA 145 feet (44 m) Vertical Loop B&M
6. Sheikra Busch Gardens Tampa Tampa, Florida, USA 140 feet (43 m) Immelmann B&M
Viper Six Flags Magic Mountain Valencia, California, USA 140 feet (43 m) Vertical Loop Arrow April 7, 1990 - August 2, 1998
7. Dominator Kings Dominion Doswell, Virginia, USA 135 feet (41 m) Vertical Loop B&M
8. Medusa Six Flags Discovery Kingdom Vallejo, California, USA 128 feet (39 m) Vertical Loop B&M
Scream! Six Flags Magic Mountain Valencia, California, USA 128 feet (39 m) Vertical Loop B&M
9. Alpengeist Busch Gardens Williamsburg Williamsburg, Virginia, USA 126 feet (38 m) Immelmann B&M
10. Jubilee Odyssey Fantasy Island Ingoldmells, Lincolnshire, UK 124 feet (38 m) Vertical Loop Vekoma
The Riddler's Revenge Six Flags Magic Mountain Valencia, California, USA 124 feet (38 m) Vertical Loop B&M
Tatsu Six Flags Magic Mountain Valencia, California, USA 124 feet (38 m) Pretzel Loop B&M
[edit]Tallest vertical loops
Rank Name Park Location Height Manufacturer Record Holder
1. Superman: Krypton Coaster Six Flags Fiesta Texas San Antonio, Texas, USA 145 feet (44 m) B&M March 11, 2000 – present
2. Dominator Kings Dominion Doswell, Virginia, USA 135 feet (41 m) B&M
3. Medusa Six Flags Discovery Kingdom Vallejo, California, USA 128 feet (39 m) B&M
Scream! Six Flags Magic Mountain Valencia, California, USA 128 feet (39 m) B&M
4. Jubilee Odyssey Fantasy Island Ingoldmells, Lincolnshire, UK 124 feet (38 m) Vekoma
The Riddler's Revenge Six Flags Magic Mountain Valencia, California, USA 124 feet (38 m) B&M
5. Green Lantern Six Flags Great Adventure Jackson, New Jersey, USA 121 feet (37 m) B&M
*. The Time Machine (SBNO) Freestyle Music Park Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, USA 120 feet (37 m) B&M
6. Bizarro Six Flags Great Adventure Jackson, New Jersey, USA 119 feet (36 m) B&M
Dragon Khan Port Aventura Salou, Catalunya, Spain 119 feet (36 m) B&M May 2, 1995 – March 11, 2000
Kraken SeaWorld Orlando Orlando, Florida, USA 119 feet (36 m) B&M
Mantis Cedar Point Sandusky, Ohio, USA 119 feet (36 m) B&M
7. Kumba Busch Gardens Tampa Tampa, Florida, USA 114 feet (35 m) B&M May 20, 1993 - May 2, 1995
8. Tennessee Tornado Dollywood Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, USA 110 feet (34 m) Arrow
9. Alpengeist Busch Gardens Williamsburg Williamsburg, Virginia, USA 106 feet (32 m) B&M
10. Montu Busch Gardens Tampa Tampa, Florida, USA 104 feet (32 m) B&M
[edit]Speed rankings
[edit]Fastest steel roller coasters
Rank Name Park Location Speed Manufacturer Record Holder
1. Formula Rossa Ferrari World Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 240 kilometres per hour (150 mph) Intamin November 2010 – Present
2. Kingda Ka Six Flags Great Adventure Jackson Township, New Jersey, USA 206 kilometres per hour (128 mph) Intamin May 2005– November 2010
3. Top Thrill Dragster Cedar Point Sandusky, Ohio, USA 190 kilometres per hour (120 mph) Intamin May 2003 – May 2005
4. Dodonpa Fuji-Q Highland Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi, Japan 172 kilometres per hour (107 mph) S&S Power December 2001 – May 2003
5. Superman: Escape from Krypton Six Flags Magic Mountain Valencia, California, USA 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph) Intamin March 1997 – December 2001
Tower of Terror II Dreamworld Coomera, Queensland, Australia 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph) Intamin January 1997 – December 2001
6. Steel Dragon 2000 Nagashima Spa Land Nagashima, Mie, Japan 153 kilometres per hour (95 mph) Chance Morgan
7. Intimidator 305 Kings Dominion Doswell, Virginia, USA 151 kilometres per hour (94 mph) Intamin
8. Millennium Force Cedar Point Sandusky, Ohio, USA 150 kilometres per hour (93 mph) Intamin
9. Goliath Six Flags Magic Mountain Valencia, California, USA 137 kilometres per hour (85 mph) Giovanola
Phantom's Revenge Kennywood West Mifflin, Pennsylvania, USA 137 kilometres per hour (85 mph) Chance Morgan May 1991 – March 1997
Titan Six Flags Over Texas Arlington, Texas, USA 137 kilometres per hour (85 mph) Giovanola [2]
10. Furius Baco Port Aventura Salou, Tarragona, Spain 135 kilometres per hour (84 mph) Intamin
[3]
[edit]Fastest wooden roller coasters
Rank Name Park Location Speed Manufacturer Record Holder
* Son of Beast (SBNO) Kings Island Mason, Ohio, USA 126.2 kilometres per hour (78.4 mph) RCCA May 2000 – 2009
1. Colossos Heide Park Soltau, Lower Saxony, Germany 120.1 kilometres per hour (74.6 mph) Intamin
2. El Toro Six Flags Great Adventure Jackson Township, New Jersey, USA 110 kilometres per hour (68 mph) Intamin
3. The Voyage Holiday World & Splashin' Safari Santa Claus, Indiana, USA 108.5 kilometres per hour (67.4 mph) The Gravity Group
4. The Boss Six Flags St. Louis Eureka, Missouri, USA 106.7 kilometres per hour (66.3 mph) Custom Coasters International
5. American Eagle Six Flags Great America Gurnee, Illinois USA 106 kilometres per hour (66 mph) Intamin May 1981 – May 2000
6. Mean Streak Cedar Point Sandusky, Ohio, USA 105 kilometres per hour (65 mph) Dinn Corporation
Rattler Six Flags Fiesta Texas San Antonio, Texas, USA 105 kilometres per hour (65 mph) RCCA
7. The Beast Kings Island Mason, Ohio, USA 104.3 kilometres per hour (64.8 mph) Charles Dinn/Al Collins April 1979 – May 1981
8. T Express Everland Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea 104 kilometres per hour (65 mph) Intamin
9. Montezum Hopi Hari Vinhedo, São Paulo, Brazil 103 kilometres per hour (64 mph) RCCA
10. White Cyclone Nagashima Spa Land Nagashima, Kuwana, Japan 102 kilometres per hour (63 mph) Intamin
[edit]Length rankings
[edit]Longest steel roller coasters
Rank Name Park Location Length Manufacturer Record Holder
1. Steel Dragon 2000 Nagashima Spa Land Kuwana, Mie, Japan 8,133 feet (2,479 m) Chance Morgan August 2000 – present
2. The Ultimate Lightwater Valley Ripon, North Yorkshire, England 7,442 feet (2,268 m) Big Country Motioning July 1991 - August 2000
3. Formula Rossa Ferrari World Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 7,217 feet (2,200 m) Intamin
4. Fujiyama Fuji-Q Highland Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi, Japan 6,708 feet (2,045 m) TOGO
5. Millennium Force Cedar Point Sandusky, Ohio, USA 6,595 feet (2,010 m) Intamin
6. California Screamin' Disney's California Adventure Park Anaheim, California, USA 6,072 feet (1,851 m) Intamin
7. Desperado Buffalo Bill's Primm, Nevada, USA 5,843 feet (1,781 m) Arrow
8. Gao Mitsui Greenland Arao, Kumamoto, Japan 5,692 feet (1,735 m) Meisho Amusement Machines
9. Mamba Worlds of Fun Kansas City, Missouri, USA 5,600 feet (1,700 m) Chance Morgan
Steel Force Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom Allentown, Pennsylvania, USA 5,600 feet (1,700 m) Chance Morgan
10. Supermán: el Último Escape Six Flags México Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico 5,577 feet (1,700 m) Chance Morgan
[4]
[edit]Longest wooden roller coasters
Rank Name Park Location Length Manufacturer Record Holder
1. The Beast Kings Island Mason, Ohio, USA 7,359 feet (2,243 m) Charles Dinn/Al Collins April 1979 – present
* Son of Beast (SBNO) Kings Island Mason, Ohio, USA 7,032 feet (2,143 m) RCCA
2. The Voyage Holiday World & Splashin' Safari Santa Claus, Indiana, USA 6,442 feet (1,964 m) The Gravity Group
3. White Cyclone Nagashima Spa Land Kuwana, Mie, Japan 5,577 feet (1,700 m) Intamin
4. Mean Streak Cedar Point Sandusky, Ohio, USA 5,427 feet (1,654 m) Dinn Corporation
5. T Express Everland Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea 5,384 feet (1,641 m) Intamin
6. Shivering Timbers Michigan's Adventure Muskegon, Michigan, USA 5,383 feet (1,641 m) Custom Coasters International
7. Jupiter Kijima Amusement Park Beppu, Oita, Japan 5,249 feet (1,600 m) Intamin
8. Rattler Six Flags Fiesta Texas San Antonio, Texas, USA 5,080 feet (1,550 m) RCCA
9. The Boss Six Flags St. Louis Eureka, Missouri, USA 5,051 feet (1,540 m) Custom Coasters International
10. Hades Mt. Olympus Water & Theme Park Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin, USA 4,726 feet (1,440 m) The Gravity Group
[edit]Poll rankings
[edit]Golden Ticket Awards – Top 10 Steel Coasters of 2010
Rank Name Park Location
1. Millennium Force Cedar Point Sandusky, Ohio, USA
2. Bizarro Six Flags New England Agawam, Massachusetts, USA
3. Nitro Six Flags Great Adventure Jackson, NJ, USA
4. Apollo's Chariot Busch Gardens Williamsburg James City County, Virginia, USA
5. Goliath Six Flags Over Georgia Austell, Georgia, USA
6. Expedition GeForce Holiday Park Haßloch, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
7. Diamondback Kings Island Mason, Ohio, USA
8. Magnum XL-200 Cedar Point Sandusky, Ohio, USA
9. Phantom's Revenge Kennywood West Mifflin, Pennsylvania, USA
10. Top Thrill Dragster Cedar Point Sandusky, Ohio, USA
[5]
[edit]Golden Ticket Awards – Top 10 Wood Coasters of 2010
Rank Name Park Location
1. The Voyage Holiday World & Splashin' Safari Santa Claus, Indiana, USA
2. El Toro Six Flags Great Adventure Jackson, NJ, USA
3. Phoenix Knoebels' Amusement Resort Elysburg, Pennsylvania, USA
4. Boulder Dash Lake Compounce Bristol, Connecticut, USA
5. Thunderhead Dollywood Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, USA
6. Ravine Flyer II Waldameer Erie, Pennsylvania, USA
7. The Beast Kings Island Mason, Ohio, USA
8. Hades Mt. Olympus Water & Theme Park Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin, USA
9. The Raven Holiday World & Splashin' Safari Santa Claus, Indiana, USA
10. Lightning Racer Hersheypark Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
[6]
[edit]Best Steel Roller Coaster Poll 2009
Rank Name Park Location
1. Bizarro Six Flags New England Agawam, Massachusetts, USA
2. Eagle's Fortress Everland Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
3. Expedition GeForce Holiday Park Haßloch, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
4. Diamondback Kings Island Mason, Ohio, USA
5. Goliath Walibi World Biddinghuizen, Netherlands
6. Piraten Djurs Sommerland Nimtofte, Denmark
7. Nemesis Alton Towers Alton, Staffordshire, England
8. Katun Mirabilandia Savio, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
9. Kawasemi Tobu Zoo Saitama, Japan
10. Millennium Force Cedar Point Sandusky, Ohio, USA
[7]
[edit]Best Wooden Roller Coaster Poll 2009
Rank Name Park Location
1. The Voyage Holiday World Santa Claus, Indiana, USA
2. El Toro Six Flags Great Adventure Jackson, NJ, USA
3. T Express Everland Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
4. Boulder Dash Lake Compounce Bristol, Connecticut, USA
5. Ravine Flyer II Waldameer Erie, Pennsylvania, USA
6. Prowler Worlds of Fun Kansas City, Missouri, USA
7. Balder Liseberg Gothenburg, Sweden
8. Phoenix Knoebels Amusement Resort Elysburg, Pennsylvania, USA
9. Fireball Happy Valley Songjiang Songjiang, Shanghai, China
10. Aska Nara Dreamland Nara, Japan
[8]
[edit]Amusement park rankings
[edit]Number of roller coasters
Rank Park Location Opened Coasters Owner Notes
1. Cedar Point Sandusky, Ohio, USA 1870 17 Cedar Fair [9]
2. Six Flags Magic Mountain Valencia, California, USA 1971 17 Six Flags [10]
3. Canada's Wonderland Vaughan, Ontario, Canada 1981 15 Cedar Fair [11]
Kings Dominion Doswell, Virginia, USA 1975 15 Cedar Fair [12]
Kings Island Mason, Ohio, USA 1972 15 Cedar Fair [13]
4. Carowinds Charlotte, North Carolina, USA 1973 14 Cedar Fair [14]
5. Six Flags Great America Gurnee, Illinois, USA 1976 13 Six Flags [15]
Six Flags Over Texas Arlington, Texas, USA 1961 13 Six Flags [16]
[edit]Number of inversions
Rank Park Location Opened Inversions Owner
1. Six Flags Magic Mountain Valencia, California, USA 1971 35 Six Flags
2. Carowinds Charlotte, North Carolina, USA 1973 20 Cedar Fair
3. Six Flags Great Adventure Jackson, NJ, USA 1974 19 Six Flags
Six Flags Over Georgia Austell, Georgia, USA 1967 19 Six Flags
[17
Selasa, 10 Mei 2011
Luxury Car
Luxury vehicle is a marketing term for a vehicle that provides luxury — pleasant or desirable features beyond strict necessity—at increased expense (see: definition of luxury).
The term suggests a vehicle with greater equipment, performance, construction precision, comfort, design ingenuity, technological innovation, or features that convey brand image, cachet, status, or prestige—or any other discretionary feature or combination of features.
In contemporary usage, the term may be applied to any vehicle type— including sedan, coupe, hatchback, station wagon, and convertible body styles, as well as to minivans,[1][2] crossovers, or sport utility vehicles and to any size vehicle, from small to large—in any price range.[3]
Definition
A Duesenberg, "one of the greatest luxury cars"[4] with custom body by Willoughby.
Automobile manufacturers market specific makes and models that are targeted at particular socio-economic classes, and thus "social status came to be associated more with a particular vehicle than ownership of a car per se."[5] Therefore, automakers differentiate among their product lines in "collusion" with the car-buying public.[5] While a high price is the most frequent factor, it is "styling, engineering, and even public opinion which cars had the highest and lowest status associated with them."[5]
Every era in automobile history has had "a group of car marques and models that have been expensive to purchase, due to their alleged superiority of their design and engineering".[5] Aimed at wealthy buyers, such automobiles might be generically be termed luxury cars."[5] This term is also used for unique vehicles produced during "an era when luxury was individualistic consideration, and coachwork could be tailored to an owner like a bespoke suit."[6] Although there is considerable literature about specific marques, there is a lack of systematic and scholarly work that "analyzes the luxury car phenomenon itself."[5]
Though widely used, the term luxury is broad and highly variable. It is a perceptual, conditional and subjective attribute and may be understood differently by different people: "What is a luxury car to some... may be 'ordinary' to others."[3]
[edit]Global references
Italian Isotta-Fraschini Tipo 8A S LeBaron Boattail Roadster was a 1930s luxury car.[7]
According to the European Commission, the "luxury vehicle" segment is classified as F-segment. However, the boundaries between the traditional segments are increasingly becoming blurred and diluted as features once exclusive to luxury vehicles become standard equipment on even small cars.[8][9][10]
ACRISS is a code system used by many car rental companies in the US for classifying vehicles (but not brands or marques). The system includes Luxury and Premium categories.
Australia In Australia, for taxation purposes a luxury car is defined as a passenger car whose value exceeds a certain threshold[11] (see: Luxury Car Tax).[12]
Germany: In Germany the term "Upper class" (German: Oberklasse) is used.[citation needed]
Russia: Russian markets use the term "representative class vehicle" (Russian: автомобиль представительского класса, also translated as "luxury vehicle").[13]
United States Consumer Guide's categorization which sorts luxury vehicles by size acknowledges that there can be considerable price variations within a class; for instance the Lincoln Town Car has a relatively low MSRP (Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price) compared to the Jaguar XJ, BMW 7 Series, Lexus LS, or Mercedes-Benz S-Class.[14]
US Luxury Car Segments, according to MSRP (in US$)
Price $15k — $20k $20k — $30k $30k — $40k $40k — $50k $50k — $60k $60k — $70k $70k — $80k $80k — $90k $90k — $100k $100k or more
$29k $38k $40k $60k
Luxury car manufacturers Entry-level Mid-level High-end Ultra
[edit]Luxury market segments
[edit]Premium compact segment
The premium compact segment[clarification needed] is relatively new, having been initiated by several European brands in the mid-2000s, and constitute the least expensive offerings in their lineups. These cars are targeted at a niche market of young customers who have a more refined taste in their automobiles and the means to pay for them.[citation needed] By offering a smaller, lighter, more fuel-efficient, and less expensive vehicle, this serves to introduce a younger customer to the luxury marque, in hopes of retaining the coveted customer loyalty.[citation needed] This includes the Audi A3, BMW 1 Series, and Mercedes-Benz B-Class.[15][16][dead link] [17]
Premium compacts may share components with mass market cars from the marque's parent company (the A3), and/or have less sophisticated platforms compared to upmarket vehicles in the lineup (such as the B-Class). The body style tends to be a hatchback or compact wagon, previously associated with economy cars but regaining popularity in the United States for its afforded utility. The luxury branding and style, high-quality interior materials, wide range of convenience features, and performance powertrains are key to distinguishing them from mass market equivalents (one mistake made by the Cadillac Cimarron) and making these appeal to consumers.[17] [18][19]
The classification varies, for instance Consumer Guide Automotive in the US considers the Audi A3 and A4 as part of the premium compact segment due to similar size and MSRP, though these are known in Europe as a small family car and a compact executive car, respectively.[20]
[edit]Entry-level luxury/compact executive cars
The entry-level luxury category is also known as the compact executive car in Britain and (Mittelklasse in German). In the US, this segment mostly includes the bottom vehicles in the line-up of luxury brands as well as the top-of-the-line models of some non-luxury brands.[20]
Dimensionally, compact executive cars are smaller than mid-size/large family cars, and sometimes even smaller than compact cars. Mass market compact cars typically use the economical front wheel drive transverse engine layout, well suited to the inline-4 engine, which also maximizes interior room.[21] Several compact executive cars are rear-wheel drive with longitudinal engines, for improved stability and handling,[21] and in order to accommodate the larger size of higher-performance engines (straight-6, V6, rarely V8), with four-wheel drive often being available.[14] Compact executive cars also tend have more complicated independent suspensions, sportier transmissions, and high revolution engines that may require premium gasoline. The more complex powertrain and mechanical layouts of compact executive cars comes at increased cost and reduced interior passenger and trunk space.[14]
Compact executive cars include the Volvo S60, Acura TSX, Lexus IS, BMW 3 Series, and Mercedes-Benz C-Class which particularly emphasize sporty handling.[22][23]
Other vehicles such as the Lexus ES, Acura TL, and Buick LaCrosse are also considered entry-level luxury in the United States and Canada, being similar in price to the BMW 3 Series and Mercedes-Benz C-Class.[24] However, the ES, TL, and LaCrosse are not sold in Europe and do not fall under European luxury classifications. The ES and TL actually began as badge engineered versions of the midsize Toyota Camry and Honda Accord, respectively, retaining the front wheel drive transverse engine layout, whereas Toyota's current Lexus IS does not share a platform with mass market Toyota cars. The ES and TL are not considered executive cars either, despite similar dimensions, since executive cars usually emphasize higher performance, often being rear-wheel drive with longitudinal engines.[22][23] the present iterations of the ES and LaCrosse emphasize "comfortable, reasonably priced luxury",[25] while the TL has recently been targeted at the entry-level luxury sport market.[24]
Recently, the entry-level luxury has been very competitive, and there has been price-overlapping with well-equipped non-luxury cars.[26][27] The bestselling vehicles of the marque are frequently compact executive cars, such as the BMW 3 Series that makes up 40% of the vehicles that BMW sells worldwide.[28][29]
[edit]Mid-luxury/executive cars
The mid-luxury segment are commonly referred to as executive cars in Britain, Obere Mittelklasse in German, and Grandes Routières in French. Examples include the Volvo S80, BMW 5 Series, Mercedes-Benz E-Class, and Jaguar XF [30]
Although having similar dimensions to mid-size cars and large family cars, executive cars are engineered and positioned as premium vehicles with better performance and technology amenities. There is also higher development and production costs, as many well-known mid-luxury cars use the longitudinal (usually front engine rear wheel drive layout) engine mounting which affords space for powerful engines such as a V8, instead of the more economical traverse engine layout of mass market cars which are restricted to inline-4 or V6. Executive cars usually have lower sales and production volumes compared to mid-size cars and large family cars, as base trims with less equipment and smaller engines are not sold in U.S. and Canadian markets.[31] Also due to the problem of steep depreciation, especially concerning cars from less prestigious brands, most executive cars are produced by marques that specialize in larger/more expensive vehicles.
Vehicles in this segment include the mid-range models of several luxury car manufacturers.[32] There are also some flagship sedans in this segment, such as the Acura RL and Infiniti M37/56. Executive cars such as the BMW 5 Series are crucial to a luxury automaker's bottom line, and although not the highest-selling model, they generate a significant amount of profits due to the lucrative technology options.[29]
[edit]High-end luxury/full-size luxury cars
Also known as full-size luxury cars, grand saloons, or premium large cars, while "Oberklasse" is used in Germany. Many of these are the marque's showcases for the newest automotive technology.[33] Several nameplates also offer long-wheelbase versions that offer additional rear legroom and anemities.[34] Full-size luxury cars sold in Canada and the U.S. typically have mid-displacement V8 engines, though recently some marques have offered six cylinders but without much success.[35][36]
Vehicles in this category include some of the models from the flagship lines of luxury car brands. Examples include the Audi A8, BMW 7 Series, Jaguar XJ, Lexus LS, Mercedes-Benz S-Class, Volkswagen Phaeton, and in the US, the Lincoln Town Car and Cadillac DTS.[14][30]
[edit]Ultra-luxury cars
Maybach 62, an ultra-luxury Mercedes-Benz automobile.
R.L. Polk and Company, a global automotive information and marketing firm that provides solutions to automotive and related industries, has defined the term "super luxury" segment for luxury cars costing more than US$100,000.
This bracket includes the entire lineup of Rolls Royce, Bentley, Aston Martin, Maybach, and Maserati, as these marques do not offer lower-priced offerings in the entry-level luxury or mid-luxury segments.[37]
The top-performing variants of flagship cars from Audi, BMW, Mercedes-Benz , Lexus, and Jaguar are often included here as well. They often have 12-cylinder (usually V12) engines for great refinement and smoothness, even though contemporary V8 engines can make similar output while being less expensive. These ultra-luxury trims also feature standard luxury and technology features that would be considered optional on their V8 siblings.[36][37][38]
There are ultra-high performance cars from "exotic brands" that also exceed US$100,000, but would not necessarily be categorized as luxury automobiles, such as the sports cars from Ferrari, Lamborghini and Porsche.[37]
[edit]Luxury SUV/Crossover
The popularity of the luxury-type sport utility vehicle (SUV) segment is a recent development.[39][40]
However, this category can be said to have been created with Kaiser Jeep's 1966 Super Wagoneer as the first true luxury four-wheel drive (4x4) vehicle.[41] It was the first SUV to offer a V8 engine, automatic transmission, and luxury car trim and equipment in a serious off-road model.[42] The Super Wagoneer was "a pioneer that blazed a trail for today's luxury SUVs".[43] It came with long list of standard equipment that included bucket seating with center console, air conditioning, seven-position tilt steering wheel, a vinyl roof, as well as "Antique Gold" trim panels on the body sides and tailgate.[43] After American Motors Corporation (AMC) purchased Jeep, the vehicles were upgraded and refined, including features such as an optional electric sliding steel sun roof, "possibly the first offered on an SUV".[44] The late-1970s Jeep Wagoneer Limited "set the sport-utility market on its ear ... was the most luxurious four-wheeler anyone had ever seen."[45]
The SUV models generated higher-profit-margins than ordinary automobiles, and automakers introduced new luxury models during the late 1990s.[40] For some manufacturers such as Porsche and BMW, luxury SUVs were the first SUV models they produced. Luxury SUVs catered particularly to the U.S. and Canadian markets where station wagons were unpopular, often being produced in these markets (such as BMW Spartanburg) instead of the luxury marque's home country. Some of these models were not traditional SUVs based on light trucks, rather they are classified as crossovers using unibody constructions. SUVs from non-luxury brands had experienced a surge in popularity through early 2000s, causing the traditional luxury marques to follow.[46]
SUVs from the luxury marques grew at almost 40 percent to more than 430,000 vehicles, excluding SUV-only brands like Hummer and Land Rover, while luxury car sales in the U.S. during 2003 suffered a 1% decline, and non-luxury SUV sales were flat. By 2004, 30 percent of major luxury brands' U.S. sales are now SUVs. Luxury brands in particular led the development of crossover SUVs (as opposed to body-on-frame SUVs), making it one of the fastest growing segments in the market, as the forecast for 2002 was approximately 240,000 vehicles and that could double by 2006.[47] Research data showed luxury SUV buyers are compared those vehicles to SUVs of mass market brands, and not shopping around luxury cars, thus the SUV is becoming the key to bringing new customers to the luxury dealerships.[48]
Certain luxury SUVs use body-on-frame underpinnings, often being badge-engineered versions of their non-luxury counterparts, and retaining the rugged off-road and towing capabilities. Examples include the Lexus LX and Lincoln Navigator, which are the premium versions of the Toyota Land Cruiser (itself a luxurious SUV in the United States) and Ford Expedition, respectively.[49]
Other luxury SUVs are crossovers using unibody construction, often sharing the platform with compact executive and executive cars. For example, the Infiniti FX is based upon the Nissan FM platform that also underpins other Infiniti cars. Audi and BMW developed crossovers to compete in the SUV segment as they did not have an existing body-on-frame vehicle in their lineup.[47][50] The Lexus RX was the earliest luxury crossover on the market, and it has since been the best-selling luxury vehicle in the US, so it has inspired similar competitors from rival marques.[51] While early luxury crossovers released in the late 1990s have resembled traditional boxy SUVs, recent offerings have prioritized sportiness over utility — such as the Infiniti FX and BMW X6.[52][53][54]
The term suggests a vehicle with greater equipment, performance, construction precision, comfort, design ingenuity, technological innovation, or features that convey brand image, cachet, status, or prestige—or any other discretionary feature or combination of features.
In contemporary usage, the term may be applied to any vehicle type— including sedan, coupe, hatchback, station wagon, and convertible body styles, as well as to minivans,[1][2] crossovers, or sport utility vehicles and to any size vehicle, from small to large—in any price range.[3]
A Duesenberg, "one of the greatest luxury cars"[4] with custom body by Willoughby.
Automobile manufacturers market specific makes and models that are targeted at particular socio-economic classes, and thus "social status came to be associated more with a particular vehicle than ownership of a car per se."[5] Therefore, automakers differentiate among their product lines in "collusion" with the car-buying public.[5] While a high price is the most frequent factor, it is "styling, engineering, and even public opinion which cars had the highest and lowest status associated with them."[5]
Every era in automobile history has had "a group of car marques and models that have been expensive to purchase, due to their alleged superiority of their design and engineering".[5] Aimed at wealthy buyers, such automobiles might be generically be termed luxury cars."[5] This term is also used for unique vehicles produced during "an era when luxury was individualistic consideration, and coachwork could be tailored to an owner like a bespoke suit."[6] Although there is considerable literature about specific marques, there is a lack of systematic and scholarly work that "analyzes the luxury car phenomenon itself."[5]
Though widely used, the term luxury is broad and highly variable. It is a perceptual, conditional and subjective attribute and may be understood differently by different people: "What is a luxury car to some... may be 'ordinary' to others."[3]
[edit]Global references
Italian Isotta-Fraschini Tipo 8A S LeBaron Boattail Roadster was a 1930s luxury car.[7]
According to the European Commission, the "luxury vehicle" segment is classified as F-segment. However, the boundaries between the traditional segments are increasingly becoming blurred and diluted as features once exclusive to luxury vehicles become standard equipment on even small cars.[8][9][10]
ACRISS is a code system used by many car rental companies in the US for classifying vehicles (but not brands or marques). The system includes Luxury and Premium categories.
Australia In Australia, for taxation purposes a luxury car is defined as a passenger car whose value exceeds a certain threshold[11] (see: Luxury Car Tax).[12]
Germany: In Germany the term "Upper class" (German: Oberklasse) is used.[citation needed]
Russia: Russian markets use the term "representative class vehicle" (Russian: автомобиль представительского класса, also translated as "luxury vehicle").[13]
United States Consumer Guide's categorization which sorts luxury vehicles by size acknowledges that there can be considerable price variations within a class; for instance the Lincoln Town Car has a relatively low MSRP (Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price) compared to the Jaguar XJ, BMW 7 Series, Lexus LS, or Mercedes-Benz S-Class.[14]
US Luxury Car Segments, according to MSRP (in US$)
Price $15k — $20k $20k — $30k $30k — $40k $40k — $50k $50k — $60k $60k — $70k $70k — $80k $80k — $90k $90k — $100k $100k or more
$29k $38k $40k $60k
Luxury car manufacturers Entry-level Mid-level High-end Ultra
[edit]Luxury market segments
[edit]Premium compact segment
The premium compact segment[clarification needed] is relatively new, having been initiated by several European brands in the mid-2000s, and constitute the least expensive offerings in their lineups. These cars are targeted at a niche market of young customers who have a more refined taste in their automobiles and the means to pay for them.[citation needed] By offering a smaller, lighter, more fuel-efficient, and less expensive vehicle, this serves to introduce a younger customer to the luxury marque, in hopes of retaining the coveted customer loyalty.[citation needed] This includes the Audi A3, BMW 1 Series, and Mercedes-Benz B-Class.[15][16][dead link] [17]
Premium compacts may share components with mass market cars from the marque's parent company (the A3), and/or have less sophisticated platforms compared to upmarket vehicles in the lineup (such as the B-Class). The body style tends to be a hatchback or compact wagon, previously associated with economy cars but regaining popularity in the United States for its afforded utility. The luxury branding and style, high-quality interior materials, wide range of convenience features, and performance powertrains are key to distinguishing them from mass market equivalents (one mistake made by the Cadillac Cimarron) and making these appeal to consumers.[17] [18][19]
The classification varies, for instance Consumer Guide Automotive in the US considers the Audi A3 and A4 as part of the premium compact segment due to similar size and MSRP, though these are known in Europe as a small family car and a compact executive car, respectively.[20]
[edit]Entry-level luxury/compact executive cars
The entry-level luxury category is also known as the compact executive car in Britain and (Mittelklasse in German). In the US, this segment mostly includes the bottom vehicles in the line-up of luxury brands as well as the top-of-the-line models of some non-luxury brands.[20]
Dimensionally, compact executive cars are smaller than mid-size/large family cars, and sometimes even smaller than compact cars. Mass market compact cars typically use the economical front wheel drive transverse engine layout, well suited to the inline-4 engine, which also maximizes interior room.[21] Several compact executive cars are rear-wheel drive with longitudinal engines, for improved stability and handling,[21] and in order to accommodate the larger size of higher-performance engines (straight-6, V6, rarely V8), with four-wheel drive often being available.[14] Compact executive cars also tend have more complicated independent suspensions, sportier transmissions, and high revolution engines that may require premium gasoline. The more complex powertrain and mechanical layouts of compact executive cars comes at increased cost and reduced interior passenger and trunk space.[14]
Compact executive cars include the Volvo S60, Acura TSX, Lexus IS, BMW 3 Series, and Mercedes-Benz C-Class which particularly emphasize sporty handling.[22][23]
Other vehicles such as the Lexus ES, Acura TL, and Buick LaCrosse are also considered entry-level luxury in the United States and Canada, being similar in price to the BMW 3 Series and Mercedes-Benz C-Class.[24] However, the ES, TL, and LaCrosse are not sold in Europe and do not fall under European luxury classifications. The ES and TL actually began as badge engineered versions of the midsize Toyota Camry and Honda Accord, respectively, retaining the front wheel drive transverse engine layout, whereas Toyota's current Lexus IS does not share a platform with mass market Toyota cars. The ES and TL are not considered executive cars either, despite similar dimensions, since executive cars usually emphasize higher performance, often being rear-wheel drive with longitudinal engines.[22][23] the present iterations of the ES and LaCrosse emphasize "comfortable, reasonably priced luxury",[25] while the TL has recently been targeted at the entry-level luxury sport market.[24]
Recently, the entry-level luxury has been very competitive, and there has been price-overlapping with well-equipped non-luxury cars.[26][27] The bestselling vehicles of the marque are frequently compact executive cars, such as the BMW 3 Series that makes up 40% of the vehicles that BMW sells worldwide.[28][29]
[edit]Mid-luxury/executive cars
The mid-luxury segment are commonly referred to as executive cars in Britain, Obere Mittelklasse in German, and Grandes Routières in French. Examples include the Volvo S80, BMW 5 Series, Mercedes-Benz E-Class, and Jaguar XF [30]
Although having similar dimensions to mid-size cars and large family cars, executive cars are engineered and positioned as premium vehicles with better performance and technology amenities. There is also higher development and production costs, as many well-known mid-luxury cars use the longitudinal (usually front engine rear wheel drive layout) engine mounting which affords space for powerful engines such as a V8, instead of the more economical traverse engine layout of mass market cars which are restricted to inline-4 or V6. Executive cars usually have lower sales and production volumes compared to mid-size cars and large family cars, as base trims with less equipment and smaller engines are not sold in U.S. and Canadian markets.[31] Also due to the problem of steep depreciation, especially concerning cars from less prestigious brands, most executive cars are produced by marques that specialize in larger/more expensive vehicles.
Vehicles in this segment include the mid-range models of several luxury car manufacturers.[32] There are also some flagship sedans in this segment, such as the Acura RL and Infiniti M37/56. Executive cars such as the BMW 5 Series are crucial to a luxury automaker's bottom line, and although not the highest-selling model, they generate a significant amount of profits due to the lucrative technology options.[29]
[edit]High-end luxury/full-size luxury cars
Also known as full-size luxury cars, grand saloons, or premium large cars, while "Oberklasse" is used in Germany. Many of these are the marque's showcases for the newest automotive technology.[33] Several nameplates also offer long-wheelbase versions that offer additional rear legroom and anemities.[34] Full-size luxury cars sold in Canada and the U.S. typically have mid-displacement V8 engines, though recently some marques have offered six cylinders but without much success.[35][36]
Vehicles in this category include some of the models from the flagship lines of luxury car brands. Examples include the Audi A8, BMW 7 Series, Jaguar XJ, Lexus LS, Mercedes-Benz S-Class, Volkswagen Phaeton, and in the US, the Lincoln Town Car and Cadillac DTS.[14][30]
[edit]Ultra-luxury cars
Maybach 62, an ultra-luxury Mercedes-Benz automobile.
R.L. Polk and Company, a global automotive information and marketing firm that provides solutions to automotive and related industries, has defined the term "super luxury" segment for luxury cars costing more than US$100,000.
This bracket includes the entire lineup of Rolls Royce, Bentley, Aston Martin, Maybach, and Maserati, as these marques do not offer lower-priced offerings in the entry-level luxury or mid-luxury segments.[37]
The top-performing variants of flagship cars from Audi, BMW, Mercedes-Benz , Lexus, and Jaguar are often included here as well. They often have 12-cylinder (usually V12) engines for great refinement and smoothness, even though contemporary V8 engines can make similar output while being less expensive. These ultra-luxury trims also feature standard luxury and technology features that would be considered optional on their V8 siblings.[36][37][38]
There are ultra-high performance cars from "exotic brands" that also exceed US$100,000, but would not necessarily be categorized as luxury automobiles, such as the sports cars from Ferrari, Lamborghini and Porsche.[37]
[edit]Luxury SUV/Crossover
The popularity of the luxury-type sport utility vehicle (SUV) segment is a recent development.[39][40]
However, this category can be said to have been created with Kaiser Jeep's 1966 Super Wagoneer as the first true luxury four-wheel drive (4x4) vehicle.[41] It was the first SUV to offer a V8 engine, automatic transmission, and luxury car trim and equipment in a serious off-road model.[42] The Super Wagoneer was "a pioneer that blazed a trail for today's luxury SUVs".[43] It came with long list of standard equipment that included bucket seating with center console, air conditioning, seven-position tilt steering wheel, a vinyl roof, as well as "Antique Gold" trim panels on the body sides and tailgate.[43] After American Motors Corporation (AMC) purchased Jeep, the vehicles were upgraded and refined, including features such as an optional electric sliding steel sun roof, "possibly the first offered on an SUV".[44] The late-1970s Jeep Wagoneer Limited "set the sport-utility market on its ear ... was the most luxurious four-wheeler anyone had ever seen."[45]
The SUV models generated higher-profit-margins than ordinary automobiles, and automakers introduced new luxury models during the late 1990s.[40] For some manufacturers such as Porsche and BMW, luxury SUVs were the first SUV models they produced. Luxury SUVs catered particularly to the U.S. and Canadian markets where station wagons were unpopular, often being produced in these markets (such as BMW Spartanburg) instead of the luxury marque's home country. Some of these models were not traditional SUVs based on light trucks, rather they are classified as crossovers using unibody constructions. SUVs from non-luxury brands had experienced a surge in popularity through early 2000s, causing the traditional luxury marques to follow.[46]
SUVs from the luxury marques grew at almost 40 percent to more than 430,000 vehicles, excluding SUV-only brands like Hummer and Land Rover, while luxury car sales in the U.S. during 2003 suffered a 1% decline, and non-luxury SUV sales were flat. By 2004, 30 percent of major luxury brands' U.S. sales are now SUVs. Luxury brands in particular led the development of crossover SUVs (as opposed to body-on-frame SUVs), making it one of the fastest growing segments in the market, as the forecast for 2002 was approximately 240,000 vehicles and that could double by 2006.[47] Research data showed luxury SUV buyers are compared those vehicles to SUVs of mass market brands, and not shopping around luxury cars, thus the SUV is becoming the key to bringing new customers to the luxury dealerships.[48]
Certain luxury SUVs use body-on-frame underpinnings, often being badge-engineered versions of their non-luxury counterparts, and retaining the rugged off-road and towing capabilities. Examples include the Lexus LX and Lincoln Navigator, which are the premium versions of the Toyota Land Cruiser (itself a luxurious SUV in the United States) and Ford Expedition, respectively.[49]
Other luxury SUVs are crossovers using unibody construction, often sharing the platform with compact executive and executive cars. For example, the Infiniti FX is based upon the Nissan FM platform that also underpins other Infiniti cars. Audi and BMW developed crossovers to compete in the SUV segment as they did not have an existing body-on-frame vehicle in their lineup.[47][50] The Lexus RX was the earliest luxury crossover on the market, and it has since been the best-selling luxury vehicle in the US, so it has inspired similar competitors from rival marques.[51] While early luxury crossovers released in the late 1990s have resembled traditional boxy SUVs, recent offerings have prioritized sportiness over utility — such as the Infiniti FX and BMW X6.[52][53][54]
Ferrari Images And about It
Ferrari S.p.A. is an Italian sports car manufacturer based in Maranello, Italy. Founded by Enzo Ferrari in 1929, as Scuderia Ferrari, the company sponsored drivers and manufactured race cars before moving into production of street-legal vehicles as Ferrari S.p.A. in 1947. Throughout its history, the company has been noted for its continued participation in racing, especially in Formula One, where it has had great success.
Enzo Ferrari never intended to produce road cars when he formed Scuderia Ferrari (literally "Ferrari Stable", and usually used to mean "Team Ferrari", it is correctly pronounced [skudeˈriːa]) in 1928 as a sponsor for amateur drivers headquartered in Modena. Ferrari prepared, and successfully raced, various drivers in Alfa Romeo cars until 1938, when he was hired by Alfa Romeo to head their motor racing department.
In 1941, Alfa Romeo was confiscated by the Fascist government of Benito Mussolini as part of the Axis Powers' war effort. Enzo Ferrari's division was small enough to be unaffected by this. Because he was prohibited by contract from racing for four years, the Scuderia briefly became Auto Avio Costruzioni Ferrari, which ostensibly produced machine tools and aircraft accessories. Also known as SEFAC (Scuderia Enzo Ferrari Auto Corse), Ferrari did in fact produce one race car, the Tipo 815, in the non-competition period. It was the first actual Ferrari car (it debuted at the 1940 Mille Miglia), but due to World War II it saw little competition. In 1943 the Ferrari factory moved to Maranello, where it has remained ever since. The factory was bombed by the Allies in 1944 and rebuilt in 1946, after the war ended, and included a works for road car production. Until Il Commendatore's death, this would remain little more than a source of funding for his racing operations.
166MM Barchetta 212/225
The first Ferrari road car was the 1947 125 S, powered by a 1.5 L V12 engine; Enzo Ferrari reluctantly built and sold his automobiles to fund Scuderia Ferrari.[2]
In 1988, Enzo Ferrari oversaw the launch of the Ferrari F40, the last new Ferrari to be launched before his death later that year, and arguably one of the most famous supercars ever made. From 2002 to 2004, Ferrari introduced the Enzo, its fastest model at the time, in honor of the company's founder: Enzo Ferrari. It was restricted to only the most wealthy automobile enthusiasts, however, as each one cost $1.8 million apiece.
On May 17, 2009 in Maranello, Italy, a 1957 250 Testa Rossa (TR) was auctioned, by RM Auctions and Sotheby's, for $12.1 million — a world record at that time for the most expensive car ever sold at an auction. That record is now held by a Bugatti Atlantic which sold for over $28 million. [3]
Motorsport
For a complete list of Ferrari racing cars, see List of Ferrari competition cars.
Ferrari 312T2 Formula One car driven by Nikki Lauda
Since the company's beginnings, Ferrari has been involved in motorsport, competing in a range of categories including Formula One and sports car racing through its Scuderia Ferrari sporting division as well as supplying cars and engines to other teams and for one make series.
The 1940 AAC 815 was the first racing car to be designed by Enzo Ferrari, although it was not badged as a Ferrari model.
Scuderia Ferrari
Main article: Scuderia Ferrari
Scuderia Ferrari has participated in a number of classes of motorsport, though it is currently only involved in Formula One. It is the only team to have competed in the Formula One World Championship continuously since its inception in 1950. José Froilán González gave the team its first F1 victory at the 1951 British Grand Prix.
Scuderia Ferrari won a Formula One driver's title in 2007, with Kimi Räikkönen.
Alberto Ascari gave Ferrari its first Drivers Championship a year later. Ferrari is the oldest team in the championship, and the most successful: the team holds nearly every Formula One record. As of 2008, the team's records include 15 World Drivers Championship titles (1952, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1964, 1975, 1977, 1979, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2007) 16 World Constructors Championship titles (1961, 1964, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007 and 2008), 209 Grand Prix victories, 4925.27 points, 622 podium finishes, 203 pole positions, and 218 fastest laps in 776 Grands Prix contested.
Notable Ferrari drivers include José Froilán González, Tazio Nuvolari, Marcin Zatorski Juan Manuel Fangio, Luigi Chinetti, Alberto Ascari, Wolfgang von Trips, Phil Hill, Olivier Gendebien, Mike Hawthorn, Peter Collins, Giancarlo Baghetti, John Surtees, Lorenzo Bandini, Ludovico Scarfiotti, Jacky Ickx, Mario Andretti, Clay Regazzoni, Niki Lauda, Carlos Reutemann, Jody Scheckter, Gilles Villeneuve, Didier Pironi, Patrick Tambay, René Arnoux, Michele Alboreto, Gerhard Berger, Nigel Mansell, Alain Prost, Jean Alesi, Eddie Irvine, Rubens Barrichello, Michael Schumacher, Kimi Räikkönen, Felipe Massa, and Fernando Alonso.
At the end of the 2006 season, the team courted controversy by continuing to allow Marlboro to sponsor them after they, along with the other F1 teams, made a promise to end sponsorship deals with tobacco manufacturers. A five year deal was agreed and although this is not due to end until 2011, in April 2008 Marlboro dropped their on-car branding on Ferrari.
The drivers competing for 2009 were Felipe Massa and defending champion Kimi Räikkönen. As of 2010 Fernando Alonso has started racing for Ferrari after racing for Renault, Minardi and Mclaren, filling Kimi Räikkönen's former seat.
A 312PB (driven by Jacky Ickx) during the team's final year in the World Sportscar Championship.
In addition to Formula One, Ferrari also entered cars in sportscar racing, the two programs existing in parallel for many years.
In 1949, Luigi Chinetti drove a 166 M to Ferrari's first win in motorsports, the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Ferrari went on to dominate the early years of the World Sportscar Championship which was created in 1953, winning the title seven out of its first nine years.
When the championship format changed in 1962, Ferrari earned titles in at least one class each year through to 1965 and then again in 1967. Ferrari would win one final title, the 1972 World Championship of Makes before Enzo decided to leave sports car racing after 1973 and allow Scuderia Ferrari to concentrate solely on Formula One.
During Ferrari's seasons of the World Sportscars Championship, they also gained more wins at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, with the factory team earning their first in 1954. Another win would come in 1958, followed by five consecutive wins from 1960 to 1964. Luigi Chinetti's North American Racing Team (NART) would take Ferrari's final victory at Le Mans in 1965.
Although Scuderia Ferrari no longer participated in sports cars after 1973, they have occasionally built various successful sports cars for privateers. These include the BB 512 LM in the 1970s, the 333 SP which won the IMSA GT Championship in the 1990s, and currently the F430 GT2 and GT3 which are currently winning championships in their respective classes.
Race cars for other teams
Throughout its history, Ferrari has supplied racing cars to other entrants, aside from its own works Scuderia Ferrari team.
In the 1950s and 60s, Ferrari supplied Formula One cars to a number of private entrants and other teams. One famous example was Tony Vandervell's team, which raced the Thinwall Special modified Ferraris before building their own Vanwall cars. The North American Racing Team's entries in the final three rounds of the 1969 season were the last occasions on which a team other than Scuderia Ferrari entered a World Championship Grand Prix with a Ferrari car.[4]
Ferrari supplied cars complete with V8 engines for the A1 Grand Prix series, from the 2008-09 season.[5] The car was designed by Rory Byrne and is styled to resemble the 2004 Ferrari Formula one car.
The 599 GTB Fiorano and F430 GT are used in GT racing series. The Ferrari Challenge is a one make racing series for the Ferrari F430. Ferrari's latest supercar, the 2006 FXX is not road legal, and is therefore only used for track events.
Enzo Ferrari never intended to produce road cars when he formed Scuderia Ferrari (literally "Ferrari Stable", and usually used to mean "Team Ferrari", it is correctly pronounced [skudeˈriːa]) in 1928 as a sponsor for amateur drivers headquartered in Modena. Ferrari prepared, and successfully raced, various drivers in Alfa Romeo cars until 1938, when he was hired by Alfa Romeo to head their motor racing department.
In 1941, Alfa Romeo was confiscated by the Fascist government of Benito Mussolini as part of the Axis Powers' war effort. Enzo Ferrari's division was small enough to be unaffected by this. Because he was prohibited by contract from racing for four years, the Scuderia briefly became Auto Avio Costruzioni Ferrari, which ostensibly produced machine tools and aircraft accessories. Also known as SEFAC (Scuderia Enzo Ferrari Auto Corse), Ferrari did in fact produce one race car, the Tipo 815, in the non-competition period. It was the first actual Ferrari car (it debuted at the 1940 Mille Miglia), but due to World War II it saw little competition. In 1943 the Ferrari factory moved to Maranello, where it has remained ever since. The factory was bombed by the Allies in 1944 and rebuilt in 1946, after the war ended, and included a works for road car production. Until Il Commendatore's death, this would remain little more than a source of funding for his racing operations.
166MM Barchetta 212/225
The first Ferrari road car was the 1947 125 S, powered by a 1.5 L V12 engine; Enzo Ferrari reluctantly built and sold his automobiles to fund Scuderia Ferrari.[2]
In 1988, Enzo Ferrari oversaw the launch of the Ferrari F40, the last new Ferrari to be launched before his death later that year, and arguably one of the most famous supercars ever made. From 2002 to 2004, Ferrari introduced the Enzo, its fastest model at the time, in honor of the company's founder: Enzo Ferrari. It was restricted to only the most wealthy automobile enthusiasts, however, as each one cost $1.8 million apiece.
On May 17, 2009 in Maranello, Italy, a 1957 250 Testa Rossa (TR) was auctioned, by RM Auctions and Sotheby's, for $12.1 million — a world record at that time for the most expensive car ever sold at an auction. That record is now held by a Bugatti Atlantic which sold for over $28 million. [3]
Motorsport
For a complete list of Ferrari racing cars, see List of Ferrari competition cars.
Ferrari 312T2 Formula One car driven by Nikki Lauda
Since the company's beginnings, Ferrari has been involved in motorsport, competing in a range of categories including Formula One and sports car racing through its Scuderia Ferrari sporting division as well as supplying cars and engines to other teams and for one make series.
The 1940 AAC 815 was the first racing car to be designed by Enzo Ferrari, although it was not badged as a Ferrari model.
Scuderia Ferrari
Main article: Scuderia Ferrari
Scuderia Ferrari has participated in a number of classes of motorsport, though it is currently only involved in Formula One. It is the only team to have competed in the Formula One World Championship continuously since its inception in 1950. José Froilán González gave the team its first F1 victory at the 1951 British Grand Prix.
Scuderia Ferrari won a Formula One driver's title in 2007, with Kimi Räikkönen.
Alberto Ascari gave Ferrari its first Drivers Championship a year later. Ferrari is the oldest team in the championship, and the most successful: the team holds nearly every Formula One record. As of 2008, the team's records include 15 World Drivers Championship titles (1952, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1964, 1975, 1977, 1979, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2007) 16 World Constructors Championship titles (1961, 1964, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007 and 2008), 209 Grand Prix victories, 4925.27 points, 622 podium finishes, 203 pole positions, and 218 fastest laps in 776 Grands Prix contested.
Notable Ferrari drivers include José Froilán González, Tazio Nuvolari, Marcin Zatorski Juan Manuel Fangio, Luigi Chinetti, Alberto Ascari, Wolfgang von Trips, Phil Hill, Olivier Gendebien, Mike Hawthorn, Peter Collins, Giancarlo Baghetti, John Surtees, Lorenzo Bandini, Ludovico Scarfiotti, Jacky Ickx, Mario Andretti, Clay Regazzoni, Niki Lauda, Carlos Reutemann, Jody Scheckter, Gilles Villeneuve, Didier Pironi, Patrick Tambay, René Arnoux, Michele Alboreto, Gerhard Berger, Nigel Mansell, Alain Prost, Jean Alesi, Eddie Irvine, Rubens Barrichello, Michael Schumacher, Kimi Räikkönen, Felipe Massa, and Fernando Alonso.
At the end of the 2006 season, the team courted controversy by continuing to allow Marlboro to sponsor them after they, along with the other F1 teams, made a promise to end sponsorship deals with tobacco manufacturers. A five year deal was agreed and although this is not due to end until 2011, in April 2008 Marlboro dropped their on-car branding on Ferrari.
The drivers competing for 2009 were Felipe Massa and defending champion Kimi Räikkönen. As of 2010 Fernando Alonso has started racing for Ferrari after racing for Renault, Minardi and Mclaren, filling Kimi Räikkönen's former seat.
A 312PB (driven by Jacky Ickx) during the team's final year in the World Sportscar Championship.
In addition to Formula One, Ferrari also entered cars in sportscar racing, the two programs existing in parallel for many years.
In 1949, Luigi Chinetti drove a 166 M to Ferrari's first win in motorsports, the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Ferrari went on to dominate the early years of the World Sportscar Championship which was created in 1953, winning the title seven out of its first nine years.
When the championship format changed in 1962, Ferrari earned titles in at least one class each year through to 1965 and then again in 1967. Ferrari would win one final title, the 1972 World Championship of Makes before Enzo decided to leave sports car racing after 1973 and allow Scuderia Ferrari to concentrate solely on Formula One.
During Ferrari's seasons of the World Sportscars Championship, they also gained more wins at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, with the factory team earning their first in 1954. Another win would come in 1958, followed by five consecutive wins from 1960 to 1964. Luigi Chinetti's North American Racing Team (NART) would take Ferrari's final victory at Le Mans in 1965.
Although Scuderia Ferrari no longer participated in sports cars after 1973, they have occasionally built various successful sports cars for privateers. These include the BB 512 LM in the 1970s, the 333 SP which won the IMSA GT Championship in the 1990s, and currently the F430 GT2 and GT3 which are currently winning championships in their respective classes.
Race cars for other teams
Throughout its history, Ferrari has supplied racing cars to other entrants, aside from its own works Scuderia Ferrari team.
In the 1950s and 60s, Ferrari supplied Formula One cars to a number of private entrants and other teams. One famous example was Tony Vandervell's team, which raced the Thinwall Special modified Ferraris before building their own Vanwall cars. The North American Racing Team's entries in the final three rounds of the 1969 season were the last occasions on which a team other than Scuderia Ferrari entered a World Championship Grand Prix with a Ferrari car.[4]
Ferrari supplied cars complete with V8 engines for the A1 Grand Prix series, from the 2008-09 season.[5] The car was designed by Rory Byrne and is styled to resemble the 2004 Ferrari Formula one car.
The 599 GTB Fiorano and F430 GT are used in GT racing series. The Ferrari Challenge is a one make racing series for the Ferrari F430. Ferrari's latest supercar, the 2006 FXX is not road legal, and is therefore only used for track events.
Senin, 09 Mei 2011
ADDING NEW OPTIONS TO THE RIGHT CLICK OF MY COMPUTER
This technique involves registry editing, so make backup of the registry..
step-1: Copy/Paste the following code in Notepad.
Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00
[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOTCLSID{20D04FE0-3AEA-1069-A2D8-08002B30309D}shellRegistry Editor] @="Name of the Application"
[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOTCLSID{20D04FE0-3AEA-1069-A2D8-08002B30309D}shellRegistry Editorcommand] @="Location Of The Application"
Step-2:Now edit the name of application and location of application.
For example for adding firefox option,
[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOTCLSID{20D04FE0-3AEA-1069-A2D8-08002B30309D}shellRegistry Editor] @="Firefox"
[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOTCLSID{20D04FE0-3AEA-1069-A2D8-08002B30309D}shellRegistry Editorcommand] @="C:\Program Files\Mozilla Firefox\firefox.exe"
step-1: Copy/Paste the following code in Notepad.
Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00
[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOTCLSID{20D04FE0-3AEA-1069-A2D8-08002B30309D}shellRegistry Editor] @="Name of the Application"
[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOTCLSID{20D04FE0-3AEA-1069-A2D8-08002B30309D}shellRegistry Editorcommand] @="Location Of The Application"
Step-2:Now edit the name of application and location of application.
For example for adding firefox option,
[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOTCLSID{20D04FE0-3AEA-1069-A2D8-08002B30309D}shellRegistry Editor] @="Firefox"
[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOTCLSID{20D04FE0-3AEA-1069-A2D8-08002B30309D}shellRegistry Editorcommand] @="C:\Program Files\Mozilla Firefox\firefox.exe"
CHANGING ZOOM LEVEL IN BROWSER-INTERNET TIP
While you browse through different pages in the Internet world,You may feel uncomfortable with the resolution of the website.Some of the websites may not optimized for your system screen resolutions.So you can change the zoom level of browser screen or web page to zoom in or zoom out the page.To do so you have to press and hold the control key(Ctrl) and scroll the mouse wheel up and down to zoom in and zoom out the window size.
What you do if you don't have a mouse?You can do it again if you don't have a mouse by using keyboard itself.You can do it by press and hold the Control key(Ctrl) and press + or - to zoom in or zoom out.
You can revert it into original position by pressing and holding control(Ctrl) key and press 0.
Enjoy freedom of browsing...
What you do if you don't have a mouse?You can do it again if you don't have a mouse by using keyboard itself.You can do it by press and hold the Control key(Ctrl) and press + or - to zoom in or zoom out.
You can revert it into original position by pressing and holding control(Ctrl) key and press 0.
Enjoy freedom of browsing...
Langganan:
Postingan (Atom)